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Abnormal Blood Pressures In Babies Of Mothers Who Smoke Cigarettes

Researchers found that babies of women who smoke cigarettes have abnormal heart rates and blood pressures as compared to infants of nonsmoking mothers, which gets worse as infants get older according to a recent study appearing in Hypertension: Journal of the American Heart Association. The study was conducted using the tilt table test in which babies of smoking mothers and nonsmoking mothers were tested for circulatory responses. The test measures various bodily responses while the patient or baby in this case is tilted to different angles on a tilt table, usually with head up. The tilt table itself is a padded table or plinth, equipped with a footboard, to which a patient can be strapped for rotation to nearly an upright position. It is mainly used in cases where spinal cord and other neurological disorders are suspected to enhance blood flow to lower limbs. It also aids in muscle training and sense of balance, Dorland's Medical Dictionary.

The tilt test performed by the researchers examined how the infants' bodies coped with repositioning during the test. Blood pressure responses were recorded while the babies were being tilted upright during sleep. A very noticeable and dramatic difference in babies born to smoking mothers compared to those born to nonsmoking women was discovered.

According to the study, infants that did not get exposed to tobacco smoke experienced only a 2 percent increase in blood pressure when they were tilted upright at one week of age and later a 10 percent increase in blood pressure at one year of age. Infants of smoking mothers on the other hand, had the opposite effect-displaying a whopping 10 percent increase in blood pressure during a tilt at one week of age and a 4 percent increase at one year of age, the study found. These disparaging results became even more alarming when the infants got older-at three months of age and one year of age, the heart rate response to tilting in the tobacco-exposed infants was even more abnormal as compared to those of nonsmoking mothers, the researchers reported.

This study revealed for the first time that babies of smokers have persistent problems in blood pressure regulation that start at birth and get worse over time. Therefore, early life exposure to tobacco smoke can lead to long-lasting reprogramming effects on people's blood pressure control mechanism, thus compromising people's health as long as they live, said the researchers.

The study consists of 19 infants from parents who don't smoke and 17 infants from women who smoke on the average 15 cigarettes per day. Infants were fed breast milk and had normal weight, the study states. All infants in the study had their blood pressure and heart rates taken when they were asleep. They were tilted up at a 60 degree angle during the first weeks of a three month and one year study. They were then lowered back down to the horizontal position, facing up.

The researchers also found that when tobacco smoke-exposed infants were tilted slightly upright and then back down again, their blood pressures went haywire, functioning in erratic ways. Normally, when a person stands up, that person's heart rate or blood pressure increases, so blood can get to the brain easily, and if that person lay back down, the heart rate or blood pressure would normally slows down and goes back to normal. If we were to equate this scenario with babies of cigarette smoking mothers, we would get the opposite effect. Their blood pressure would actually increase when they are laid back down after standing up--tilting up. Therefore, if the researchers were to placed these infants from smoking mothers in a tilted positioned again, their blood pressure would become low. This would be the perfect condition for fainting-not enough blood to the brain, Dorland's Medical Dictionary.

This research will continue until the babies get older, so that the researchers can continue to observe whether or not these infants will develop cardiovascular disease in adulthood, the researchers said.

Identifying early warning signs of heart disease in infants could have great public health significance-possibly leading to early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease early in life according to the researchers.

In conclusion, babies of mothers who smoke cigarettes could eventually develop heart disease according to a recent study. The table tilt test was used to test infants of cigarette-smoking mothers and infants of nonsmoking mothers. The findings were staggering-infants of mothers who smoke cigarettes showed abnormal and erratic blood pressures while infants of nonsmoking mothers did not.

About the Author

Glenford S Robinson, BS, CLS, MT(ASCP), is a Clinical Laboratory Scientist and staff writer for The American Chronicle, California Chronicle, Los Angeles Chronicle, World Sentinel, and affiliates, which are online magazines for national, international, state, and local news. He has received Expert Author recognition for both EzineArticles and Goarticles. Mr. Robinson is the founder, president, chief operating officer, editor-in-chief and staff writer for Mstardom.com, a social networking website and news article site providing members and visitors with up-to-the-minute news, entertainment, and the opportunity to submit articles for free. He has done graduate studies leading to an MBA in Healthcare Management at the University of Phoenix, Phoenix Arizona. Please send correspondence to Mstardom.com/ranja inbox.

The Oceanic Scuba Diving Regulators

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Review

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Propane question: What is the significance of the BTU rating as it relates to a regulator?

This question is for "Propane Guy" (if he sees it) since he gives great answers, but doesn't allow e-mail. Just curious, how does the BTU rating make a difference when selecting a regulator? Does it affect the flow rate? I am using low pressure LP gas regulators for another purpose and am just trying to educate myself in the basic operation. Easy Best Answer, "Propane Guy"! Or anyone else for that matter....

Thank you very much Teddy. I'm glad my answers are appreciated...

When we select a regulator for a given appliance we want it to be of sufficient size to handle the load, but not grossly oversized. If we used a regulator designed for 2,000,000 btu on a grill of 40,000 btu, then the regulator would "hunt" all the time. The delivery pressure would be fluctuating constantly because the regulator would be allowing brief bursts of propane at too high a volume for the burner to consume and then shutting off completely. If we undersize a regulator a couple of things usually happen. The regulator simply will not allow enough fuel to flow through it's orifice to feed the appliance and it may freeze up.

I lke to see a regulator operate at about 65-70% of it's rated capacity. This ensures the regulator is under enough load to deliver a nice constant pressure but not blowing it's brains out, so to speak.

You will find that the larger the btu the regulator is, the larger it is physically. This is because it has to absorb heat from the air around it to combat the refrigerating effect of the vapour passing through the orifice. ( That's another whole topic in itself! )

Chevron and Brazil’s oil industry: Oil, water and trouble (Economist)

THE flow of oil from cracks in the seabed off the coast of Rio de Janeiro has
long since slowed to a mere trickle. Not so the retribution against Chevron,
an American oil company that was drilling in the Frade oilfield on November
7th when a sudden rise in pressure caused a leak.Brazil’s environment agency,
IBAMA, has fined the company 50m reais ($28m) for the leak. On December 23rd
it levied a further 10m reais for poor contingency planning. The National
Petroleum Agency (ANP), the industry regulator, has closed one of Chevron’s
Frade wells and suspended the firm’s drilling rights. The Rio de Janeiro state
government is suing for 150m reais. A federal prosecutor in Campos, a city in
the north of the state, is demanding 20 billion reais in punitive damages and
seeking an injunction to halt all operations in Brazil by both Chevron and
Transocean, the subcontractor drilling for it in Frade. Federal police,
meanwhile, want to bring criminal charges against bosses of both
companies.After the 4.9m-barrel spill from the Macondo well in the Gulf of
Mexico in 2010, oil regulators around the world are in no mood for...

Economist

AEM Black Billet High Flow Fuel Pressure Regulator from AEM ID7843